Immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV convalescing from COVID-19
Keywords:
HIV/SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, HIV, HUMORAL IMMUNITY, CELLULAR RESPONSES, ANTIBODY RESPONSES
Abstract
Since the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the course of COVID-19 in people with HIV has been debated. On the one hand, the immunodeficiency derived from HIV infection and the higher prevalence of comorbidities would be associated with severe disease. On the other hand, due to its immunological dysfunction, an exacerbated inflammatory response might be avoided.
In this review, we analyzed the evidence regarding the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 and the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 during HIV coinfection. The literature suggests that people with HIV on antiretroviral treatment achieved effective responses against SARS-CoV-2, despite having altered cell functions. This indicates a remarkable impact of antiretroviral therapy, not only in controlling HIV but also in boosting immunity to restrict other infections.
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References
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2. Deeks SG, Overbaugh J, Phillips A, Buchbinder S (2015) HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Prim 1:15035. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.35
3. Vaillant AAJ, Gulick PG (2021) HIV Disease Current Practice.
4. McCune JM (2001) The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease. Nature 410:974–979. https://doi.org/10.1038/35073648
5. Byrd KM, Beckwith CG, Garland JM, et al (2020) SARS‐CoV‐2 and HIV coinfection: clinical experience from Rhode Island, United States. J Int AIDS Soc 23:. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25573
6. Cooper T, Woodward B, Alom S, Harky A (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients: a systematic review. HIV Med 21:567–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12911
7. Karmen-Tuohy S, Carlucci PM, Zervou FN, et al (2020) Outcomes Among HIV-Positive Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 85:6–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002423
8. Venturas J, Zamparini J, Shaddock E, et al (2021) Comparison of outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with COVID-19. J Infect 83:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.020
9. Vizcarra P, Pérez-Elías MJ, Quereda C, et al (2020) Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort. Lancet HIV 7:e554–e564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30164-8
10. Mondi A, Cimini E, Colavita F, et al (2021) COVID‐19 in people living with HIV: Clinical implications of dynamics of the immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2. J Med Virol 93:1796–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26556
11. Stoeckle K, Johnston CD, Jannat-Khah DP, et al (2020) COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults With HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 7:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa327
12. Spinelli MA, Lynch KL, Yun C, et al (2021) SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study. Lancet HIV 8:e334–e341. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00072-2
13. Karim F, Gazy I, Cele S, et al (2021) HIV status alters disease severity and immune cell responses in Beta variant SARS-CoV-2 infection wave. Elife 10:1–19. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67397
14. Mellor MM, Bast AC, Jones NR, et al (2021) Risk of adverse coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes for people living with HIV. AIDS 35:F1–F10. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002836
15. Ho H, Peluso MJ, Margus C, et al (2021) Clinical Outcomes and Immunologic Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 223:403–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa380
16. Bhaskaran K, Rentsch CT, MacKenna B, et al (2021) HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet HIV 8:e24–e32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30305-2
17. Nomah DK, Reyes-Urueña J, Díaz Y, et al (2021) Sociodemographic, clinical, and immunological factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and severe COVID-19 outcomes in people living with HIV: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet HIV 8:e701–e710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00240-X
18. Minotti C, Tirelli F, Barbieri E, et al (2020) How is immunosuppressive status affecting children and adults in SARS-CoV-2 infection? A systematic review. J Infect 81:e61–e66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.026
19. Kanwugu ON, Adadi P (2021) HIV/SARS‐CoV‐2 coinfection: A global perspective. J Med Virol 93:726–732. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26321
20. Maggiolo F, Zoboli F, Arosio M, et al (2021) SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in persons living with HIV: A single center prospective cohort. J Med Virol 93:1145–1149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26352
21. Sharov KS (2021) HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: T cell profile, cytokine dynamics and role of exhausted lymphocytes. Int J Infect Dis 102:163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.049
22. Hoffmann C, Casado JL, Härter G, et al (2021) Immune deficiency is a risk factor for severe COVID‐19 in people living with HIV. HIV Med 22:372–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13037
23. Giannone D, Vecchione MB, Czernikier A, et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immune responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals with HIV. J Infect 1:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.026
24. Venturas J, Zamparini J, Shaddock E, et al (2021) Comparison of outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with COVID-19. J Infect 83:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.020
25. SeyedAlinaghi S, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, et al (2021) The clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 in HIV‐positive patients: A systematic review of current evidence. Immunity, Inflamm Dis 9:1160–1185. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.497
26. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z-L (2021) Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol 19:141–154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
27. Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, et al (2020) COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8:782–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2
28. Ambrosioni J, Blanco JL, Reyes-Urueña JM, et al (2021) Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV. Lancet HIV 8:e294–e305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00070-9
29. Lee KW, Yap SF, Ngeow YF, Lye MS (2021) COVID-19 in People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:3554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073554
30. Massarvva T (2021) Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 amongst HIV patients: a systematic literature review. Epidemiol Health 43:e2021036. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021036
31. del Amo J, Polo R, Moreno S, et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 severity in persons with HIV on antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 36:161–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000003132
32. Waters LJ, Pozniak AL (2021) COVID-19 death in people with HIV: interpret cautiously. Lancet HIV 8:e2–e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30332-5
33. Lee MJ, Snell LB, Douthwaite ST, et al (2022) Clinical outcomes of patients with and without HIV hospitalized with COVID‐19 in England during the early stages of the pandemic: a matched retrospective multi‐centre analysis (RECEDE‐C19 study). HIV Med 23:121–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13174
34. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395:1033–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
35. Liu Z, Long W, Tu M, et al (2020) Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+) counts reflect the severity of infection and predict the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. J Infect 81:318–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.054
36. Merad M, Martin JC (2020) Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 20:355–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
37. Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, et al (2020) Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients. Natl Sci Rev 7:998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa041
38. Giannone D, Vecchione MB, Czernikier A, et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immune responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals with HIV. Prepr (Version 1) available Res Sq. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1229520/v1
39. Gatechompol S, Avihingsanon A, Putcharoen O, et al (2021) COVID-19 and HIV infection co-pandemics and their impact: a review of the literature. AIDS Res Ther 18:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-021-00335-1
40. Moir S, Chun TW, Fauci AS (2011) Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 6:223–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130254
41. Li Q, Estes JD, Schlievert PM, et al (2009) Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmission. Nature 458:1034–1038. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07831
42. Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, et al (2006) Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med 12:1365–1371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1511
43. Zhou F (2020) Clinical Course And Risk Factors For Mortality Of Adult In Patients With COVID-19 In Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Study Res 3:01–02. https://doi.org/10.24966/MSR-5657/100015
44. Li M, Guo W, Dong Y, et al (2020) Elevated Exhaustion Levels of NK and CD8+ T Cells as Indicators for Progression and Prognosis of COVID-19 Disease. Front Immunol 11:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.580237
45. Paiardini M, Müller-Trutwin M (2013) HIV-associated chronic immune activation. Immunol Rev 254:78–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12079
46. Lei J, Yin X, Shang H, Jiang Y (2019) IP-10 is highly involved in HIV infection. Cytokine 115:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.018
47. Moir S, Fauci AS (2017) B-cell responses to HIV infection. Immunol Rev 275:33–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12502
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Published
2022-12-06
How to Cite
Quiroga, M. F., Vecchione, M. B., Giannone, D., Czernikier , A., Longueira , Y., Turk, G., & Laufer, N. (2022). Immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV convalescing from COVID-19. Actualizaciones En Sida E Infectología, 30(110). https://doi.org/10.52226/revista.v30i110.138
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